PRACTICAL NOTES

1. Eleutheronema tetradactylum
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Polynemidae

Genus: Eleutheronema

Species: tetradactylum
1. Eleutheronema tetradactylum, also known as Indian Salmon or Rawas, is a threadfin fish of the Polynemidae family.
2. This highly commercial fish known for uses in aquaculture occur mainly over shallow muddy bottoms in coastal waters forming loose schools.
3. Adults of this highly vulnerable species enter rivers during winter.
4. Adults feed on prawns and fish with occasional polychaetes, while juveniles feed on prawns shrimps and mysids.

2. Epinephelus malabaricus
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Serranidae

Genus: Epinephelus

Species: malabaricus
1. The Malabar grouper is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific area from the eastern coast of Africa to the Tonga Islands, Red Sea included.
2. This grouper lives in various habitats, such as lagoons, mangroves, coral and rocky reefs, sandy and muddy bottom areas, between 2 and 150 m deep.
3. The juveniles prefers lagoon or brackish areas.
4. It has a light grey to light brownish background color, with a number of dark brown spots randomly scattered.
5. The body has also a various number of brown diagonal stripes, but in maturity they seem to become a uniform darker colour.
6. Young fish have numerous brown spots. The tail fin is rounded.




Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Clupeiformes

Family: Clupeidae

Subfamily: Alosinae

Genus: Hilsa

Species: ilisha
3. Hilsa ilisha

1. It is found in rivers and estuaries in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and the
2. It has no dorsal spines but 18 - 21 Dorsal soft rays and anal soft rays. The belly has 30 to 33 scutes.
3. There is a distinct median notch in upper jaw.
4. Gill rakers fine and numerous, about 100 to 250 on lower part of arch and the fins are hyaline.
5. The fish shows a dark blotch behind gill opening, followed by a series of small spots along the flank in juveniles.
4. The species filter feeds on plankton and by grubbing muddy bottoms.

4. Labeo calbasu
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Labeo
Species: calbasu
1. Labeo is a genus of carps in the family Cyprinidae. They are found mainly in the Old World tropics.
2. It contains the typical labeos in the subfamily Labeoninae, which may not be a valid group, however, and is often included in the Cyprininae as tribe Labeonini.
3. The labeos appear fairly similar to the "freshwater sharks" of the genus Epalzeorhynchos, which is also part of the Labeoninae (or Labeonini), but is not very closely related.
4. Labeos are larger, and have a more spindle-shaped body, as they are mostly free-swimming rather than benthic like Epalzeorhynchos.
5. Their mouths look very different, too; they have a pronounced rostral cap, which covers the upper lip except when feeding.
6. The lips are expanded into thick, sausage-shaped pads which have keratinized edges.


5.Megalops cyprinoides
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Elopiformes

Family: Megalopidae

Genus: Megalops

Species: cyprinoides
1. The Indo-Pacific tarpon, Megalops cyprinoides, also known as the Oxeye herring or simply herring, is a relatively medium-sized species of tarpon.
2. In appearance, it is like the Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus: olive-green on top, and silver on the sides.
3. The large mouth is turned upwards; the lower jaw contains an elongated, bony plate.

4. The last ray of the dorsal fin is much longer than the others, reaching nearly to the tail.
5. It is capable of filling its swim bladder with air and absorbing oxygen from it.
6. Species in fresh water tend to be smaller than the saltwater species, growing just over 50 centimetres (20 in), while saltwater species grow over a 1 metre (3.3 ft).
6. They are an opportunistic feeder, feeding on smaller fish, crustaceans, and evenplants rarely.
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Carangidae

Genus: Parastromateus

Species: niger
6.Parastromateus niger
1. The black pomfret, Parastromateus niger, is a species of carangid native to reefs of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.
2. It is found at depths from 15 to 105 m (49 to 344 ft), though it is rarely found deeper than 40 m (130 ft).
3. This species grows to 75 cm (30 in) in total length and is very important to local commercial fisheries. This species is the only known member of its genus.





Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Scombridae

Genus: Scomberomorus

Species: commerson
7. Scomberomorus commerson
1. They are vivid blue to dark grey in colour along their backs and flanks and fade to a silvery blue-grey on the belly.
2. Spanish mackerel have scores of narrow, vertical lines down their sides.
3. Spanish mackerel are the largest of all Australian mackerels, growing to about 200 cm and up to 70 kg.
4. Spanish mackerel spawn in oceanic conditions on reef edges.
5. Eggs have a large oil droplet that aids in buoyancy and keeps them at the top of the water column which is warmer, well oxygenated, and has an abundant planktonic food supply for the larvae once they are hatched.
8. Stromateus argenteus
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Stromateidae

Genus: Pampus

Species: argenteus
1. Pampus argenteus, often called either the silver or white pomfret, is a species of butterfish that lives in coastal waters off the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
2. Fish of this family are characterized by their flat bodies, forked tail fins, and long pectoral fins.
3. Silver pomfrets are usually silver/white in color, with few small scales.
4. They can grow up to 4-6 kg. However, due to overfishing, specimens weighing less than 1 kg are more commonly seen.
5. It is called pamplet in Mumbai.










Tilapia mossambica
Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Cichlidae

Genus: Tilapia

Species: mossambicus
1. The Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, is a tilapiine cichlid fish native to southern Africa.
2. It is a popular fish for aquaculture. Dull colored, the Mozambique tilapia often lives up to a decade in its native habitats.
3. This makes it an optimal species for aquaculture because it readily adapts to new situations. It is known as Black Tilapia in Colombia and as Blue Kurper in South Africa.
4. The native Mozambique tilapia is laterally compressed, and has a deep body with long dorsal fins, the front part of which have spines.
5. It is a remarkably robust and fecund fish, readily adapting to available food sources and breeding under suboptimal conditions.
Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Rachycentridae
Genus: Rachycentron
Kaup, 1826

Species: R. canadum
Rachycentron canadum
1. The cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a species of perciform marine fish, the only representative of the genus Rachycentronand the family Rachycentridae.
2. The another common names include black kingfish, black salmon, ling, lemonfish, crabeater,prodigal son and aruan tasek.
3. Attaining a maximum length of 2 m (78 in) and maximum weight of 78 kg (172 lb), the cobia has an elongated fusiform (spindle-shaped) body and a broad, flattened head.
4. The eyes are small and the lower jaw projects slightly past the upper. Fibrous villiform teeth line the jaws, the tongue, and the roof of the mouth.
5. The body of the fish is smooth with small scales. It is dark brown in color, grading to white on the belly with two darker brown horizontal bands on the flanks.
Scomberomorus guttatus
Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Scombridae

Genus: Scomberomorus

Species: guttatus

1. Indo-Pacific king mackerel or popularly (spotted) seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) is a sea fish among the mackerelvariety of fishes. It is found in around the Indian ocean and adjoining seas.
2. It is a popular game fish and grows up to 45 kg (100 lbs) and is a strong fighter, that has on occasion been seen to leap out of the water when hooked.
3. It is very popular among the countries of the Indian subcontinent including India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It's a fairly expensive fish that's considered a delicacy in most places.